The Quran & Qira'at

The Holy Quran is the word of Allah revealed to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) through the Angel Jibreel (Gabriel) over a period of approximately 23 years. It is the final divine scripture, a source of guidance for all of humanity.

Allah has guaranteed its preservation: "Indeed, it is We who sent down the message, and indeed, We will be its guardian" (Al-Hijr: 9).

Revelation began in the month of Ramadan in the Cave of Hira near Makkah in 610 CE (13 BH). The first verses revealed were the opening of Surah Al-Alaq: "Read in the name of your Lord who created."

The revelation continued over approximately 23 years — 13 years in Makkah and 10 years in Madinah. The Quran was revealed gradually according to events and circumstances. The Prophet (PBUH) instructed his scribes to write down each revelation immediately.

1. 1

   During the Prophet's lifetime:

   The Quran was written on parchment, bones, palm stalks, and memorized by numerous companions. Jibreel would review the entire Quran with the Prophet every Ramadan, and reviewed it twice in his final year.

2. 2

   Under Abu Bakr (RA):

   After many Quran memorizers were martyred at the Battle of Yamama (12 AH), Umar suggested to Abu Bakr that the Quran be compiled into a single manuscript. Zayd ibn Thabit was tasked with this collection.

3. 3

   Under Uthman (RA):

   Around 25 AH, as the Islamic territories expanded and differences in recitation emerged, Uthman ordered the Quran to be standardized in the Qurayshi dialect. Copies were sent to major cities (Makkah, Madinah, Damascus, Basra, Kufa) and variant manuscripts were burned. This Uthmanic codex remains the standard to this day.

Qira'at (readings) are the variant wordings of the Quranic revelation concerning pronunciation, vowelization, and other linguistic features. It is the science of how Quranic words are pronounced and performed, with each variation attributed to its transmitter through an unbroken chain.

This science originated from the Prophet (PBUH) teaching the companions different modes of recitation, all divinely revealed. Authentic hadith confirms the Quran was revealed in seven modes (ahruf). Scholars later documented these readings with unbroken chains of transmission back to the Prophet.

The Seven Readings were compiled by Imam Abu Bakr ibn Mujahid (d. 324 AH) in his work "Al-Sab'ah." Imam Ibn al-Jazari (d. 833 AH) later added three more in his work "Al-Nashr fi al-Qira'at al-Ashr," establishing the ten canonical (mutawatir) readings.

• Nāfiʿ al-Madanī

  01

  Madinah·d. 169 AH

  QālūnWarsh

• Ibn Kathīr al-Makkī

  02

  Makkah·d. 120 AH

  Al-BazzīQunbul

• Abū ʿAmr al-Baṣrī

  03

  Basra·d. 154 AH

  Ad-DūrīAs-Sūsī

• Ibn ʿĀmir ash-Shāmī

  04

  Damascus·d. 118 AH

  HishāmIbn Dhakwān

• ʿĀṣim al-Kūfī

  05

  Kufa·d. 127 AH

  ḤafṣShuʿbah

• Ḥamzah az-Zayyāt

  06

  Kufa·d. 156 AH

  KhalafKhallād

• Al-Kisāʾī

  07

  Kufa·d. 189 AH

  Abū al-ḤārithAd-Dūrī

• Abū Jaʿfar al-Madanī

  08

  Madinah·d. 130 AH

  Ibn WardānIbn Jammāz

• Yaʿqūb al-Ḥaḍramī

  09

  Basra·d. 205 AH

  RuwaysRawḥ

• Khalaf al-Bazzār

  10

  Baghdad·d. 229 AH

  Isḥāq al-WarrāqIdrīs al-Ḥaddād

Scholars established three conditions for accepting a Quranic reading:

1. 1

   Conformity with Arabic grammar

   — even if only by one valid interpretation.

2. 2

   Conformity with the Uthmanic script

   — even if only by possibility (since the early script lacked dots and vowel marks).

3. 3

   Authentic chain of transmission (isnad)

   — an unbroken chain back to the Prophet (PBUH).

A reading that meets all three criteria is accepted as Quran and may be recited in prayer. A reading that fails any condition is classified as "shadh" (irregular) and cannot be used in worship.

Quranic readings are transmitted through an unbroken chain of teachers called isnad. This chain has several levels:

1. 1Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
2. 2Companions (e.g., Ibn Mas'ud, Ubayy ibn Ka'b, Zayd ibn Thabit)
3. 3Successors (Tabi'un) (e.g., Abu Abd ar-Rahman as-Sulami)
4. 4The Ten Readers (Nafi', Ibn Kathir, Abu Amr...)
5. 5Narrators / Ruwat (Hafs, Warsh, Qalun...)
6. 6Turuq — authors of canonical texts
7. 7Scholars and reciters to the present day

An ijazah (license) in Quranic recitation means a teacher authorizes a student to transmit a particular reading after demonstrating mastery. This system has continued unbroken from the Prophet's time to the present day.

Mutun (singular: matn) are didactic poems composed by scholars to facilitate the memorization of Tajweed and Qira'at rules. They have been the backbone of Quranic education in study circles and schools for centuries and continue to be taught worldwide today.

• Tuhfat al-Atfal

  Shaykh Sulayman al-Jamzuri (d. 1204 AH) · 61 lines

  PDF

  The most famous introductory poem on Tajweed rules. It covers the rules of nun sakinah and tanween, meem sakinah, lam of the definite article and lam of verbs, and the various types of madd (elongation). It is typically the first text memorized by Tajweed students.

  يَقُولُ رَاجِي رَحْمَةِ الغَفُورِ ۞ دَوْمًا سُلَيْمَانُ هُوَ الجَمْزُورِي

  Opening line

• Al-Muqaddimah al-Jazariyyah

  Imam Ibn al-Jazari (d. 833 AH) · 109 lines

  PDF

  A comprehensive poem on detailed Tajweed rules, considered the essential reference after Tuhfat al-Atfal. It covers articulation points (makharij), letter characteristics (sifat), tafkheem and tarqeeq, rules of ra and lam, stopping and starting (waqf and ibtida), and Quranic orthography. No reciter receives ijazah without mastering this text.

  يَقُولُ رَاجِي عَفْوِ رَبٍّ سَامِعِ ۞ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الجَزَرِيِّ الشَّافِعِي

  Opening line

• Hirz al-Amani (Al-Shatibiyyah)

  Imam al-Qasim al-Shatibi (d. 590 AH) · 1,173 lines

  PDF

  The greatest poem on the Seven Canonical Readings. Composed in the tawil meter, it elegantly compiles the variant readings of the seven reciters and their narrators. It remains the cornerstone of Qira'at studies worldwide — scholars say whoever masters the Shatibiyyah commands the Seven Readings.

  بَدَأْتُ بِبِسْمِ اللهِ فِي النَّظْمِ أَوَّلَا ۞ تَبَارَكَ رَحْمَانًا رَحِيمًا وَمَوْئِلَا

  Opening line

• Al-Durrah al-Mudiyyah

  Imam Ibn al-Jazari (d. 833 AH) · 241 lines

  PDF

  A companion to the Shatibiyyah, covering the three additional readings that complete the ten: Abu Ja'far al-Madani, Ya'qub al-Hadrami, and Khalaf al-Bazzar. Composed in the same meter and methodology as the Shatibiyyah to serve as its natural extension.

  الحَمْدُ للهِ الَّذِي أَعْلَى القُرَا ۞ وَأَنْزَلَ القُرْآنَ لِلنَّاسِ قُرَا

  Opening line

• Tayyibat al-Nashr

  Imam Ibn al-Jazari (d. 833 AH) · 1,014 lines

  PDF

  The most comprehensive poem on all ten readings with their multiple transmission paths. It unifies all ten readings in a single work (replacing both the Shatibiyyah and Durrah), with additional variants not found in either. Ibn al-Jazari composed it as a versified summary of his magnum opus 'Al-Nashr fi al-Qira'at al-Ashr.'

  أَقُولُ حَمْدًا لِلْإِلَهِ ذِي الطَّوْلِ ۞ مُصَلِّيًا عَلَى النَّبِيِّ وَالْآلِ

  Opening line

• La'ali al-Bayan fi Tajwid al-Quran

  Modern Tajweed texts

  Alongside the classical texts, modern didactic works have emerged to simplify Tajweed rules. Numerous commentaries (shuruh) and abridgements of the classical mutun have also been authored to make them more accessible to contemporary students.

1. 01Al-Nashr fi al-Qira'at al-Ashr — Ibn al-Jazari (d. 833 AH)
2. 02Tayyibat al-Nashr — Ibn al-Jazari
3. 03Al-Sab'ah fi al-Qira'at — Ibn Mujahid (d. 324 AH)
4. 04Al-Shatibiyyah — Imam al-Shatibi (d. 590 AH)
5. 05Al-Durrah — Ibn al-Jazari (the three additional readings)
6. 06Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Quran — al-Suyuti (d. 911 AH)